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| http://f12network.com/craig/microbiology/0809S1/ch27_md/index_md.htm#Pasteurella%20Multocida |
Pasteurella multocida is a bacteria belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family; it is a Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillus that is often present in the upper respiratory tracts of many livestock, poultry, and domestic pets such as cats and dogs.
According to the American Pet Association, approximately 10% of animal bites require medical attention; 1-2% eventually requires hospitalization.
One of the most common symptoms of infection with P. multocida is respiratory infection manifesting as a nasal discharge, sneezing, congestion, conjunctivitis, and clogged tear ducts. Pasteurella infections also can cause abscesses under the skin that can be chronic, requiring surgery to correct. Some abscesses can cause central nervous symptoms like nystagmus, circling to one side, and wryneck or torticollis.
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| http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/224920-overview |
P. multocida is a facultative anaerobe, which will grow at 37 degrees Celsius on blood or chocolate agar, but will not grow on MacConkey agar. Colony growth is characterized with a "mousy" odor due to metabolic products. it is oxidase-positive and catalase-positive.
P. multocida virulence factor is due to a toxin, known as "Pasteurella multocida mitogenic toxin", which activates Rho GTPases, which then bind and hydrolyze GTP, and are important in actin stress fiber formation. This eventually leads to cytoskeletal reorganisation.
Most Pasteurella isolates are susceptible to oral antimicrobial treatment with one of the following drugs, or in combination: amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, minocycline, fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Infections with P. multocida are mainly due to animal bites. Below are the organisms that can be found in different bites from animals, please refer to medscape article: “Animal Bites in Emergency Medicine.”
- Dog bites
- Staphylococcus species
- Streptococcus species
- Eikenella species
- Pasteurella species
- Proteus species
- Klebsiella species
- Haemophilus species
- Enterobacter species
- DF-2 or Capnocytophaga canimorsus
- Bacteroides species
- Moraxella species
- Corynebacterium species
- Neisseria species
- Fusobacterium species
- Prevotella species
- Porphyromonas species
- Cat bites
- Pasteurella species
- Actinomyces species
- Propionibacterium species
- Bacteroides species
- Fusobacterium species
- Clostridium species
- Wolinella species
- Peptostreptococcus species
- Staphylococcus species
- Streptococcus species
- Herbivore bites
- Actinobacillus lignieresii
- Actinobacillus suis
- Pasteurella multocida
- Pasteurella caballi
- Staphylococcus hyicus subsp hyicus
- Swine bites
- Pasteurella aerogenes
- Pasteurella multocida
- Bacteroides species
- Proteus species
- Actinobacillus suis
- Streptococcus species
- Flavobacterium species
- Mycoplasma species
- Rodent bites - Rat-bite fever
- Streptobacillus moniliformis
- Spirillum minus
- Primates
- Bacteroides species
- Fusobacterium species
- Eikenella corrodens
- Streptococcus species
- Enterococcus species
- Staphylococcus species
- Enterobacteriaceae
- Simian herpes virus
- Large reptiles (crocodiles, alligators)
- Aeromonas hydrophila
- Pseudomonas pseudomallei
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Proteus species
- Enterococcus species
- Clostridium species
Other references:
http://www.copewithcytokines.org/cope.cgi?key=Pasteurella%20multocida%20toxin
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